Analysis of the chemerin and resistin adipokines in children and adolescents

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES To compare the serum concentrations of adipokines resistin and chemerin in children and adolescents with eutrophic and overweight and to evaluate their relationship with anthropometric, biochemical, and blood pressure variables. METHODS a cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted with 234 students enrolled in public elementary schools in the city of Juiz de Fora / MG. Anthropometric evaluation, biochemistry, and blood pressure measurement were performed. Statistical analyzes included the Student-t or Mann-Whitney tests, Pearson or Spearman correlation, used according to the distribution of the variables, and linear regression analysis, by means of the evaluation of the effect of the independent variables on the serum levels of chemerin and resistin, adjusted for age and sex. For the data analysis, SPSS® software version 21.0 and STATA® version 10.1 were used, assuming a significance level of 5%. RESULTS the concentrations of chemerin were higher in eutrophic individuals than in those with excess weight (p> 0.05). In contrast, levels of resistin were higher in the young with excess weight than in the eutrophic ones (p <0.05). In the multiple linear regression analysis, the levels of chemerin were associated with the values of resistin, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure. Resistance levels maintained association only with BMI and chemerin values. CONCLUSION the adipokines analyzed presented a distinct profile in the groups of children and adolescents with eutrophic and overweight.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS Comparar as concentrações séricas das adipocinas resistina e quemerina em crianças e adolescentes com eutrofia e excesso de peso e avaliar sua relação com as variáveis antropométricas, bioquímicas e a pressão arterial. MÉTODOS Estudo epidemiológico transversal realizado com 234 estudantes matriculados em escolas públicas do ensino fundamental no município de Juiz de Fora/MG. Realizou-se avaliação antropométrica, bioquímica e aferição da pressão arterial. As análises estatísticas compreenderam os testes t de Student ou Mann-Whitney, correlação de Pearson ou Spearman, utilizados de acordo com a distribuição das variáveis, e análise de regressão linear, realizada por meio da avaliação do efeito das variáveis independentes nos níveis séricos de quemerina e resistina, ajustado por idade e sexo. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados os softwares SPSS® versão 21.0 e Stata® versão 10.1, admitindo-se nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS As concentrações de quemerina foram maiores nos indivíduos eutróficos do que nos com excesso de peso (p>0,05). Em contrapartida, os níveis de resistina estiveram maiores nos jovens com excesso ponderal do que nos eutróficos (p<0,05). Na análise de regressão linear múltipla, os níveis de quemerina apresentaram associação com os valores de resistina, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica. Os níveis de resistina mantiveram associação apenas com os valores de IMC e quemerina. CONCLUSÃO As adipocinas analisadas apresentaram perfil distinto nos grupos de crianças e adolescentes com eutrofia e com excesso de peso.

Plasmatic adipocyte biomarkers and foot pain associated with flatfoot in schoolchildren with obesity

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the potential association of foot pain and plasmatic adipocytes as physiological biomarkers of childhood obesity with the incidence of flatfoot in a cohort of Egyptian school children aged 6 -12 years. METHODS A total of 550 Egyptian schoolchildren (220 boys and 330 girls) aged 6-12 years were randomly invited to participate in this descriptive survey analysis. For all children, we assessed the diagnosis and severity of flatfoot as well as plasma adipocytes, as well as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, IL-6, and TNF-α, using the Dennis method and immunoassay techniques respectively. Foot pain was assessed by using a standard VAS of 100 mm and Faces Pain Scale, respectively. RESULTS Flat foot was predicted in 30.4% of school-age children, most of them showed a higher frequency of overweight (33.3%) and obesity (62.5%). Boys showed higher ranges of flat foot than girls. Foot pain significantly correlated with flat foot and obesity among the studied populations. In overweight-obese children, plasmatic adipocyte variables, as well as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, IL-6, TNF-α.; showed significant correlations with foot stance, especially in boys. Also, the studied adipocyte variables along with BMI, age, gender explained about~65% of the variance of flatfoot with pain among our school-age students. CONCLUSION Foot pain showed an association with flat foot and childhood obesity in 30.4% of school-age students (6-12 years). Foot pain was shown to correlate positively with the incidence of flat foot and changes in adiposity markers, as well as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, Il-6, TNF-α

RESUMO OBJETIVO O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a potencial associação de dor no pé e adipócitos plasmáticos como biomarcadores fisiológicos da obesidade infantil com incidência de pé plano em uma coorte de escolares egípcios de 6 a 12 anos. MÉTODOS Um total de 550 escolares egípcios (220 meninos e 330 meninas) com idades entre 6 e 12 anos foram convidados aleatoriamente para participar desta análise descritiva. Para todas as crianças, diagnóstico e gravidade do flatfoot, bem como adipócitos plasmáticos; adiponectina, leptina, resistina, IL-6 e TNF-α; foram avaliados pelo método de Dennis e técnicas de imunoensaio, respectivamente. A dor no pé foi avaliada usando uma EVA padrão de 100 mm e a Faces Pain Scale, respectivamente. RESULTADOS O pé plano foi predito em 30,4% das crianças em idade escolar; a maioria apresentou maior frequência de sobrepeso (33,3%) e obesidade (62,5%). Os meninos apresentaram maiores faixas de pé plano do que as meninas. A dor no pé correlacionou-se significativamente com pé plano e obesidade entre as populações estudadas. Em crianças obesas com sobrepeso, variáveis adipocitárias plasmáticas; adiponectina, leptina, resistina, IL-6 e TNF-α; apresentaram correlação significativa com a postura do pé, em meninos e meninas. Além disso, as variáveis estudadas dos adipócitos, juntamente com o IMC, idade e sexo, explicaram cerca de 65% da variância do pé plano com a dor entre os nossos alunos em idade escolar. CONCLUSÃO A dor no pé mostrou associação com pé plano e obesidade infantil em 30,4% dos estudantes em idade escolar (6-12 anos). A dor no pé se correlacionou positivamente com a incidência de pé plano e a mudança nos marcadores de adiposidade; adiponectina, leptina, resistina, IL-6, TNF-α.

Inflammatory biomarkers responses after acute whole body vibration in fibromyalgia

The aims of this study were 1) to characterize the intensity of the vibration stimulation in women diagnosed with fibromyalgia (FM) compared to a control group of healthy women (HW) matched by age and anthropometric parameters, and 2) to investigate the effect of a single session of whole body vibration (WBV) on inflammatory responses. Levels of adipokines, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNFr1, sTNFr2), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was estimated by a portable gas analysis system, heart rate (HR) was measured using a HR monitor, and perceived exertion (RPE) was evaluated using the Borg scale of perceived exertion. Acutely mild WBV increased VO2 and HR similarly in both groups. There was an interaction (disease vs vibration) in RPE (P=0.0078), showing a higher RPE in FM compared to HW at rest, which further increased in FM after acute WBV, whereas it remained unchanged in HW. In addition, there was an interaction (disease vs vibration) in plasma levels of adiponectin (P=0.0001), sTNFR1 (P=0.000001), sTNFR2 (P=0.0052), leptin (P=0.0007), resistin (P=0.0166), and BDNF (P=0.0179). In conclusion, a single acute session of mild and short WBV can improve the inflammatory status in patients with FM, reaching values close to those of matched HW at their basal status. The neuroendocrine mechanism seems to be an exercise-induced modulation towards greater adaptation to stress response in these patients.

Obesity, Serum Resistin and Leptin Levels Linked to Coronary Artery Disease / Obesidade, Soro Resistina e Níveis de Leptina Ligados à Doença Arterial Coronariana

Abstract Background: Clinical studies have demonstrated that adipocytokines play an important role in developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Objective: The aim of study was to evaluate the relationship between serum resistin and leptin levels with obesity and coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we assessed the levels of serum resistin and leptin, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid profile and cardiac enzyme tests (AST, CPK, LDH, CK-MB) in 40 CAD patients compared to 40 healthy controls. Anthropometric measurements including weight and height for calculating of body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) were performed for evaluation of obesity. Results: CAD patients had increased levels of leptin and CRP, (p < 0.001), cholesterol (p < 0.05), triglyceride (p < 0.01), and WC (p < 0.05) compared to healthy controls. There was no statistical difference between CAD and control subjects for resistin (p = 0.058). In a multiple regression analysis, only an association between serum leptin with BMI (β = 0.480, p < 0.05) and WC (β = 1.386, p < 0.05) was found. Conclusions: The findings suggest that leptin is a better marker of fat mass value than resistin and may be considered an independent risk factor for cardiac disorders that is largely dependent on obesity. However, further prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.

Resumo Fundamento: Estudos clínicos demonstraram que adipocitocinas têm papel importante no desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares ateroscleróticas. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre níveis de leptina e resistina em soro com obesidade e doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Métodos: Em estudo transversal, avaliamos os níveis de resistina e leptina em soro, proteína C-reativa (CPR), perfil lipídico e testes de enzimas cardíacas (AST, CPK, LDH, CK-MB) em quarenta pacientes com DAC comparados a 40 controles saudáveis. Para avaliação de obesidade, foram feitas as medições antropométricas, incluindo peso e altura para o cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência da cintura (CC). Resultados: Pacientes com DAC apresentaram aumento nos níveis de leptina e CPR, (p < 0,001), colesterol (p < 0,05), triglicérides (p < 0,01) e CC (p < 0,05) em comparação aos controles. Não houve diferença significativa entre DAC e controles com relação à resistina (p = 0,058). Na análise de regressão múltipla, foi encontrada apenas uma associação entre leptina em soro ao IMC (β = 0,480, p < 0,05) e CC (β = 1,386, p < 0,05). Conclusões: Os achados sugerem que a leptina é melhor marcadora de valor de massa gorda do que a resistina, e pode ser considerada um fator de risco, dependente da obesidade, independente para distúrbios cardíacos. Contudo, outros estudos prospectivos serão necessários para a confirmação desses resultados.

Interleucina-6 y resistina en relación con las medidas antropométricas en escolares / Interleukin-6 and resistin in relation to anthropometric measurements in school children

La prevalencia mundial de obesidad infantil ha aumentado considerablemente en las últimas tres décadas. La creciente incidencia en niños de trastornos como diabetes tipo 2, se cree es consecuencia de esta epidemia. Aunque los mecanismos exactos aún no están claros, la producción o secreción de adipocinas causadas por el exceso de tejido adiposo y su disfunción, pueden contribuir al desarrollo de enfermedades metabólicas relacionadas con la obesidad. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar en escolares las concentraciones séricas de interleucina-6 (IL-6) y resistina, y relacionarlas con las medidas antropométricas. Se estudiaron 103 escolares. La evaluación antropométrica incluyó peso, talla, pliegue tricipital (PTr), circunferencia de cintura (CC), índice cintura-talla (C/T) e índice de masa corporal (IMC). Las concentraciones de IL-6 y resistina fueron determinadas según el método ELISA. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 20. Se consideró el 95% de confiabilidad estadística (p<0,05). La prevalencia de sobrepeso fue 15,54% y obesidad 11,65%. Los escolares con CC aumentada, índice C/T (sobrepeso/obeso) e IMC (sobrepeso) mostraron valores significativamente más elevados de IL-6. Solo los escolares con CC aumentada e índice C/T (sobrepeso/obeso) mostraron valores promedio más altos de resistina (p<0,05). La interleucina-6 mostró correlación positiva con CC (r=0,229;p=0,020) e índice cintura-talla (r=0,397;p<0,001); la resistina con el índice cintura-talla (r=0,283;p=0,004). Estos resultados sugieren que la CC y el índice cintura-talla son buenos indicadores antropométricos en escolares, pues su incremento se correlaciona de manera positiva con las citocinas proinflamatorias, vinculadas con el aumento del riesgo cardio-metabólico en la población infantil.

The worldwide prevalence of childhood obesity has increased greatly over the past three decades. The increasing occurrence in children of disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, is believed to be a consequence of this obesity epidemic. Although the precise mechanisms are still unclear, dysregulated production or secretion of adipokines caused by excess adipose tissue and adipose tissue dysfunction can contribute to the development of obesity-related metabolic diseases. The objective of the study was to determine the serum levels of interleukin-6 and resistin in relation to anthropometric measurements in school children. One hundred and three school-age children were studied. The anthropometric assessment included weight, height, triceps skinfold (TSF), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and Body Mass Index (BMI). Interleukin-6 and resistin levels were measured by ELISA. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20 statistical program and 95% CIs (p<0.05) was considered significant. BMI values indicated that 15.54 % of the population was overweight, and 11.65 % was obese. We found that scholars with excess WC, WHtR and BMI (overweight) had higher levels of IL-6 and scholars with excess WC and WHtR had higher levels of resistin (p <0.05). Interleukin-6 showed positive correlation with WC (r=0.229; p = 0.020) and waist-to-height ratio (r=0.397; p<0.001); and resistin with waist-to-height ratio (r=0.283; p= 0.004). These results suggest that WC and waist-to-height ratio are good anthropometric indicators in school children, contributing to early detection and prognosis of metabolic risks in children, due to their positive correlation with pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and resistin).

Asociación de la resistina con variables de dimensión y composición corporal en eutróficos y obesos / Association between resistin serum levels and dimension and body composition variables in children and adolescents

Background: Resistin is an adipokine secreted in adipose tissue that may be associated with the metabolic and endocrine disorders of obesity. Aim: To assess the association between serum resistin levels and body composition variables, in children and adolescents. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional assessment of 302 subjects, aged 10-16 years. According to body mass index, 124 were classified as eutrophic and 178 as obese. A clinical examination and pubertal assessment were performed. Body weight, height, waist and arm circumferences were measured. Serum resistin levels were measured using an immunoenzymatic assay. Results: Male obese children had significantly higher resistin levels than their eutrophic counterparts. Eutrophic women had higher levels than eutrophic males. No significant association between resistin and pubertal status was observed. In the whole sample and among obese subjects, resistin levels correlated with body mass index, tricipital skinfold, arm circumference, arm fat area and fat mass. Conclusions: There is a significant association between resistin levels and body composition variables, particularly with indicators of fat accretion.

Association between Adipokines and Coronary Artery Lesions in Children with Kawasaki Disease

Body fat is an important source of adipokine, which is associated with energy balance and inflammatory and immune responses. However, the role of adipokines in coronary artery complications in Kawasaki disease (KD) has not yet been fully explained. We investigated whether serum adipokine level can be a useful marker for patients with KD who are at higher risk of developing coronary artery lesion (CAL). We measured adipokine levels and other inflammatory parameters in 40 patients with KD, 32 febrile controls, and 15 afebrile controls. Interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and other laboratory parameters were also measured before and after intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, and in the convalescent phase. At admission, the serum resistin levels in KD children were significantly higher than those in controls (177.56 ng/mL in KD children, 76.48 ng/mL in febrile controls, and 17.95 ng/mL in afebrile controls). In patients with KD, resistin levels were significantly associated with decreased hemoglobin levels (P=0.049) and increased IL-6 levels (P=0.014). The serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher and body mass index was significantly lower in the group of KD with CALs than those without CALs (228.26 ng/mL vs. 39.18 ng/mL and 15.09 vs. 16.60, respectively). In conclusion, resistin is significantly elevated in KD patients, although it has no prognostic value of predicting coronary artery lesion in the acute stage.

Expression of resistin, CXCR3, IP-10, CCR5 and MIP-1α in obese patients with different severity of asthma

Asthma studies suggest that alteration in the inflammation pattern may be associated with the severity of asthma. The aim of this study was to compare in vitro the expression of chemokines, chemokine receptors and cytokine production from CD4+ T human lymphocytes of asthmatic, both obese and non-obese patients with different severity levels of asthma. Lymphocytes were labeled with monoclonal anti-human CXCR3/IP-10, MIP-1a/CCR5 antibodies and were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell culture supernatants were used to measure production of interleukin IL-6 and resistin by ELISA. CXCR3/IP-10 expression increased in non-obese patients with mild persistent asthma (2.2%, p<0.05), moderate persistent asthma (3%, p<0.003) and severe persistent asthma (4%, p<0.004); this effect was stronger in obese patients with severe persistent asthma (35%, p<0.004). MIP-1 α / CCR5 increased in non-obese patients with intermittent asthma (0.65%, p<0.05) and severe asthma (1.4%, p<0.03); in obese patients, this expression was greater in intermittent asthma (8%, p<0.05) and severe persistent asthma (12%, p<0.04). Resistin production strongly increased in obese patients with intermittent (976 ng/ml) and severe persistent asthma (795 ng/ml). IL-6 increased in both lean and obese persons; however, the highest value was registered in the group of severe persistent obese asthmatics (992 pg/ml). Obesity per se increased the inflammatory profile of chemokines / cytokines secreted by cells of the blood, increasing the inflammatory status in asthmatic patients. Resistin showed characteristics of a pro-inflammatory cytokine mainly in severely obese asthmatics.

Serum adiponectin and resistin levels in de novo and relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia children patients

Adipose tissue secretes a large number of adipocytokines such as leptin, resistin, and adiponectin. Many of these hormones and cytokines are altered in obese individuals and may lead to disruption of the normal balance between cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The aim of our work was to investigate the disturbance of secretion of adiponectin and resistin in de novo and relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL] in Egyptian children and determine whether adiponectin and resistin are implicated in increased risk relapse compared to healthy individuals. Measurements of adiponectin and resistin were performed at diagnosis, in 32 patients with de novo ALL aged 3 to 18 years [mean 9.8 y] and 19 children with relapsed ALL aged 5 to 17 [mean 9.9 yr]. 10 apparently healthy children with matched age and sex were used as controls. Mean adiponectin levels were low [P < 0.05], whereas mean resistin levels were high [P<0.05] at diagnosis and relapsed ALL [compared to healthy controls]. A significant decrease of adiponectin levels was observed in relapsed ALL compared to de novo ALL. In contrast resistin was significantly increased in relapsed ALL compared to de novo patients. Adiponectin in ALL subjects inversely correlated with resistin level [r = -0.51, P < 0.001]. Low adiponectin and high resistin level at diagnosis suggest their implication in ALL pathogenesis and may serve as potential clinically significant diagnostic markers to detect leukemic relapse

Resistin in systemic lupus erythematosus: Relation to lupus nephritis and premature atherosclerosis

Lupus nephritis [LN] is one of the most severe complications of SLE. SLE patients have a greater risk of developing premature atherosclerosis. Resistin is an adipocyte-secreted peptide. It has pro-inflammatory and atherogenic effects. To assess the serum levels of resistin in SLE patients and to evaluate it as a marker of nephritis and premature atherosclerosis. This study included 50 SLE nonpregnant female adult [mean age 23.1 +/- 6.9 years] patients as well as 40 healthy volunteers matched in age and sex as a control group. Serum levels of resistin were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]. All patients and controls underwent laboratory investigations and carotid duplex. Disease activity was assessed using SLE Disease Activity Index [SLEDAI]. Renal biopsy was performed for SLE patients with LN. There was a highly statistically significant increase in mean serum resistin levels [14.1 +/- 3.88 ng/ml] in patients versus the control group [6.44 +/- 1.34 ng/ml] being more obvious in those with LN. Resistin had a significant positive correlation with markers of inflammation, SLEDAI and carotid intima media thickness [CIMT]. Serum level of resistin may serve as a marker of LN and atherosclerosis in SLE patients. A more aggressive control of the underlying inflammatory process along with the control of traditional risk factors [hypertension and cholesterol] may be beneficial in reducing the risk factors of renal and atherosclerotic involvement in SLE. Therapeutic approaches with drugs that target resistin might be useful in the treatment of SLE

Insulin resistance and adipocytokine levels in high fat high fructose-fed growing rats: effects of cinnamon

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of high fat fructose [HF/HFr] diet on the onset of the characteristics of the metabolic syndrome and the levels of some adipocytokines in growing male and female rats. Also we aimed to study the possible protective effects of cinnamon [CN] against [HF/HFr] diet induced-metabolic disturbances. Forty eight growing Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups [12 rats/group; 6 males + 6 females] and were fed for a period of 6 weeks the following diets [i] basal diet, control [C] [ii] basal diet containing 20 g CN/kg diet [C+CN], [iii] high fat diet [15% beef tallow + 5% corn oil] combined with fructose [13% W/V]in drinking water [HF/HFr], [iv] HF/HFr diet containing 20 g CN/kg diet [HF/HFr+CN], HF/HFr diet resulted in elevated levels of fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, and homeostasis model assessment [HOMA] index along with impaired glucose tolerance, as well as elevated serum triacylglycerols [TG], total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], resistin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor - alpha [TNF-alpha] and total oxidant capacity [TOC] with a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] and total antioxidant capacity [TAC] compared to control. These deleterious effects were more pronounced in male and female rats. Cinnamon reinstated most of the altered measured parameters. So HF/HFr diet developed characteristics of metabolic syndrome in growing male and female rats. Females were protected against some metabolic disturbances of HF/HFr diet. The inclusion of cinnamon in the diet was effective in modulating some aspects of metabolic parameters associated with metabolic syndrome

Low Resistin Level is Associated with Poor Hospitalization-Free Survival in Hemodialysis Patients

Malnutrition and inflammation are related to high rates of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Resistin is associated with nutrition and inflammation. We attempted to determine whether resistin levels may predict clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients. We conducted a prospective evaluation of 100 outpatients on hemodialysis in a single dialysis center (male, 46%; mean age, 53.7 +/- 16.4 yr). We stratified the patients into 4 groups according to quartiles of serum resistin levels. During the 18-month observational period, patients with the lowest quartile of serum resistin levels had poor hospitalization-free survival (log rank test, P = 0.016). After adjustment of all co-variables, patients with the lowest quartile of serum resistin levels had poor hospitalization-free survival, compared with reference resistin levels. Higher levels of interleukin-6 were an independent predictor of poor hospitalization-free survival. In contrast, serum resistin levels were not correlated with interleukin-6 levels. The current data showed that low resistin levels may independently predict poor hospitalization free survival in hemodialysis patients.

Expression of adiponectin receptors in human placenta and its possible implication in gestational diabetes

Adiponectin is anovel adipose tissue specific protein abundantly expressed in human and rodent fat and secreted from differentiated adipocytes. Circulating levels of adiponectin are inversely related to the degree of adiposity, and are positively associated with insulin seneitivity in both healthy subjects and diabetic patients. Diabetic insult at later stages in gestation, such may occur in gestational diabetes, will foremost lead to short term changes in avarity of molecules for key functions including gene expression in the placenta. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of adiponectin receptors in human placenta, identify the sites of expression and clarify the effect of gestational diabetes in this expression. Our study was carried on 30 pregnant women designed as follow; controls group: included 10 normoglycemic pregnant women and had not any pregnancy disorders. Patientsgroup: included 20 gestational diabetic who had the gestational diabetes as the only pregnancy disorder. The placental tissue was collected immediately after delivery and tissue biopsies were taken from both fetal and maternal sides of each placenta. Our results showed that both types of adiponectine receptors [ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2] are expressed in human placenta. ADIPOR1 is more highly expressed than ADIPOR2 in both fetal and maternal sides of gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM] cases and normal pregnant women. ADIPOR1 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in GDM women compared to normal pregnant women, whereas no significant difference in the expression of ADIPOR2 was detected between the two groups. The results showed also that there is no evidence of maternal fetal side difference in the expression of adiponectin receptors in GDM cases but in normal pregnant women we found that there is statistically significant difference between maternal and fetal sides in the expression of both ADIPORl and ADIPOR

Diagnostic role of resistin in nonalchoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD] is a major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. Insulin resistance is believed to be a key factor in the development of fatty liver. Moreover, insulin resistance states characterized by elevated expression and production of several cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD but direct evidence of the role of resistin in NAFLD is lacking. To determine the circulating resistin level in patients affected by NAFLD and to correlate resistin level with insulin sensitivity, liver functions and histological features. This study included 100 subjects divided into: forty patients with NAFLD, forty obese persons with BMI >30 having normal transaminases and normal liver ultrasound and twenty controls with BMI < 20. For all subjects serum resistin was measured. Homeostasis model assessment [HOMA] was calculated and liver profile was assessed. Liver biopsy was done in NAFLD patients. Serum resistin was higher in patients with NAFLD [16.2 +/- 4 ng/ml] compared to obese and control groups [6.8 +/- 4.1 and 3.4 +/- 1.1 [ng/ml]] respectively [p <0.01]. Serum resistin was higher in histologically advanced cases of NAFLD compared to simple steatosis [19.2 +/- 3.6 vs. 13.5 +/- 2.7] respectively [p < 0.01]. Moreover serum resistin correlated positively with 8M I, HOMA, highly sensitive CRP, AST and ALT. Resistin has a role in pathogenesis of NAFLD. Its level is a predictive of histology in NAFLD. So The use or serum resistin assay as a simple diagnostic biomarker for NAFLD is recommended

Ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and resistin levels in sleep apnea syndrome: role of obesity

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among plasma leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, resistin levels, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [OSAS]. Fifty-five consecutive newly diagnosed OSAS patients and 15 age-matched nonapneic controls were enrolled in this study. After sleep study between 8:00 AM and 9:00 AM on the morning, venous blood was obtained in the fasting state to measure ghrelin and adipokines. Serum ghrelin levels of OSAS group were significantly [P<0.05] higher than those of the control group. No significant difference was noted in the levels of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin in OSAS group when compared to controls. There was a significant positive correlation between ghrelin and apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] [r=0.237, P<0.05] or the Epworth sleepiness scale [ESS] [r=0.28, P<0.05]. There was also a significant positive correlation between leptin and body mass index [r=0.592, P<0.0001]. No significant correlation was observed between leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and any polysomnographic parameters. Our findings demonstrated that serum ghrelin levels were higher in OSAS patients than those of control group and correlated with AHI and ESS. Further studies are needed to clarify the complex relation among OSAS, obesity, adipokines, and ghrelin

Assessment of serum levels of resistin and homa index in obese subjects: effect of weight loss programs on these levels and on body fat mass

To assess the serum levels of resistin and HOMA in obese subjects and to evaluate the association of resistin with insulin resistance [HOMA index]. Also to study the effect of weight loss programs on their levels and on body fat mass. Forty-five obese premenopausal females and fifteen healthy ones [serving as a control group] were included. Obese subjects were equally divided into 3 groups [A, B, C] according to the weight loss program. Group A were subjected to diet regimen, Group B to diet regimen and exercise program, and Group C to exercise program only. All studied groups were subjected to full clinical examination, assessment of BML WC, HC, WHR and laboratory investigations including serum resistin and HOMA index. Body fat content was measured by DEXA. Programs of weight loss were carried out for three months, followed by reassessment. There was a significant difference between obese subjects and controls regarding BMI, WC, HC, WHR, Triglycerides, Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Resistin, TB-FM, Trumk - FM, Leg-FM, Body fat percentage and HOMA index. A highly significant difference was found, in the three groups before and after weight loss regarding all parameters except for WHR which showed significant difference with group B only. Following weight loss, the comparison between the 3 groups together, revealed a significant difference between them with the greatest change being noticed in group B. Also a significant positive correlation was found between BMI and HOMA index. Resistin is believed to be a key factor for obesity, cardiovascular and type II diabetes. The combined program of diet regimen and exercise seems to be the optimal approach for prevention and management of obesity, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders

Serum ghrelin and resistin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS] is the most common endocrine disease in women of reproductive age, with the incidence reported to be about 4-6% in this age group. Ghrelin and resistin hormones are known to be related with the energy metabolism and insulin resistance, moreover, ghrelin is reported to interact with the reproductive function. The aim of the present study was to determine the levels of ghrelin and resistin in patients with PCOS, we also aimed to find out any possible correlations between their levels and other biochemical and hormonal features of this syndrome. A total number of 40 women were enrolled in this study. They were divided into 2 groups: group I [control group] [n=20], group II [PCOS group] [n=20]. Venous blood samples were collected for estimation of serum ghrelin, resistin, insulin and sex hormones. Serum ghrelin levels were markedly decreased in women with PCOS, moreover, there was a negative correlation between its levels and serum levels of luteinizing hormone [LH], testosterone, 17-OH progesterone, and insulin, in addition to its negative association with measures of insulin resistance. As regards resistin, no significant changes were found in serum levels of resistin in PCOS patients in comparison with that of the controls, furthermore, no significant correlation could be detected between its levels and serum insulin levels or measures of insulin resistance in those patients. However, a significant negative correlation was found between resistin levels and testosterone levels. Finally, no significant correlation between ghrelin and resistin levels could be detected in women with PCOS. In the light of the above results it can be concluded that, this peptide ghrelin is involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS syndrome. Regarding resistin, our data is not in favor of resistin being the factor that leads to insulin resistance in PCOS patients, but it could be a factor can interact with testosterone production in those women, this finding needs to be confirmed with further studies because, to our knowledge there is yet no data pointing out the possible relationship between resistin and sex hormones

Adipocytokines in pre-pubertal children with type 1 diabetes: relation to some risk factors

Adipose tissue represents an active endocrine organ secreting a variety of factors that regulate energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study is to evaluate adipocytokines in pre-pubertal children with type I diabetes mellitus and its relation to some risk factors. The study included 20 cases newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, 30 cases with long duration of diabetes, and 20 healthy matching children as controls. Cases and controls were subjected to full history taking and physical examination, estimation of BMI, blood glucose level and glycated hemoglobin. Non fasting blood samples were withdrawn from all cases and controls for estimation of serum adiponectin, resistin, leptin, TNF-alpha and IL-6. Results showed that newly diagnosed cases with type I diabetes had significantly lower BMI, serum adiponectin, and serum leptin levels and had significantly higher levels of TNf-alpha and lL-6 than cases with long duration of diabetes. No significant difference in resistin levels was observed between either studied cases or controls. Significant negative correlations were found between adiponectin with both lL-6 and TNF alpha serum levels in the whole studied cases. Also a positive correlation was found between resistin levels and duration of illness. In conclusion adipocytokines may play a role in metabolic adaptation of type I diabetes

Serum levels of adiponectin and resistin in obese children: relationship with insulin resistance

Adiponectin and resist in are fat cell-derived hormones, which are thought to be respectively protective and disadvantageous with regard to the development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus type 2. The aim is to study the relationship between insulin resistance and serum adiponectin and resistin in obese children. A total of 60 obese and 30 nonobese children were enrolled and serum levels of adiponectin and resistin were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Compared with controls, higher insulin resistance by homeostasis model [HOMA-lR] and lower whole body insulin sensitivity index [WBISI] were found in obese children [all p=0.000]. The acliponectin levels in obese children and controls were 3.41 +/- 1.93 and 5.21 +/- 3.1 micro g/L with a significant difference [p=0. 001], while the difference of resistin levels was not significant [p=0.963]. Significant correlations between insulin resistance parameters [HOMA-lR and WBISI] and age, sexual development, body mass index, serum triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, uric acid, or adiponectin levels [all p<0.05] were noted. On the other hand there was no significant correlation between insulin resistance parameters and serum levels of resistin[p>0.05]. In conclusion, These results suggest that adiponectin may play a protective role in obese children through decreasing insulin resistance

Study of resistin and YKL-40 in rheumatoid arthritis

To investigate the association between serum and synovial fluid levels of both resistin and YKL-40 with markers of inflammation, disease activity and radiographic grading and to determine if they have a role in the pathogenesis of RA. This study was conducted on 30 patients with RA and 15 healthy controls with acute post traumatic knee effusion. Serum and synovial fluid levels of both resistin and YKL-40 were measured in patients and controls using ELISA technique. Plain x-ray of hands, wrists and feet were done for all patients and assessed according to Larsen score. Serum levels of resistin and YKL-40 were significantly higher in RA patients than controls and in active RA than in non active patients. Also, their levels significantly correlated with CRP, ESR, RF, disease activity parameters and Larsen score. Furthermore, synovial levels of resistin and YKL-40 were significantly higher than that of the serum, and synovial YKL-40 levels showed significant correlation with CRP, ESR, RF, disease activity parameters and Larsen score. On the other hand, resistin synovial levels significantly correlated with CRP, ESR, RF and synovial leucocytic count. Resistin and YKL-40 were increased in the serum and synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Their serum levels correlated with markers of inflammation, parameters of disease activity and radiographic progression of joint damage. These results suggested the key roles of resistin and YKL-40 in the pathogenesis of RA and they may be important new therapeutic targets